https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_speed
Hull speed or
displacement speed is the speed at which the wavelength of a vessel's
bow wave is equal to the waterline length of the vessel. As boat speed increases from rest, the wavelength of the bow wave increases, and usually its
crest-to-trough dimension (height) increases as well. When hull speed is exceeded, a vessel in displacement mode will appear to be climbing up the back of its bow wave.
From a technical perspective, at hull speed the bow and stern waves interfere constructively, relatively large waves, and thus a relatively large value of wave drag. Though the term "hull speed" seems to suggest that it is some sort of "speed limit" for a boat, in fact
drag for a displacement hull increases smoothly and at an increasing rate with speed as hull speed is approached and exceeded, often with no noticeable inflection at hull speed.
The concept of hull speed is not used in modern naval architecture, where considerations of speed-length ratio or Froude number are considered more helpful.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_speed
Hull design implications
Wave making resistance depends dramatically on the general proportions and shape of the hull: many modern displacement designs can easily exceed their 'hull speed' without
planing.
These include hulls with very fine ends, long hulls with relatively narrow
beam and
wave-piercing designs. Such hull forms are commonly realised by some
canoes,
competitive rowing boats,
catamarans,
fast ferries and other commercial, fishing and military vessels.
Vessel weight is also a critical consideration: it affects wave amplitude, and therefore the energy transferred to the wave for a given hull length.
Heavy boats with hulls designed for
planing generally cannot exceed hull speed without planing.
Light, narrow boats with hulls not designed for planing can easily exceed hull speed without planing; indeed, once above hull speed, the unfavorable amplification of wave height due to constructive interference diminishes as speed increases. For example, world-class racing kayaks can exceed hull speed by more than 100%,
[1] even though they do not plane. Semi-displacement hulls are usually intermediate between these two extremes.
Ultra light displacement boats are designed to plane and thereby circumvent the limitations of hull speed.
https://www.boatinternational.com/ya...esistance--635
Plus, of course, the longer a hull is, the greater its top speed in the displacement mode according to Froude’s law which states that displacement speed is directly proportional to the square root of the waterline length, or (1.34 x vLWL). Because of overhangs, this number if often expanded to 1.5 x vLWL.