Because they used the wrong filler. Filler rod is available for 316 and 316L. Probably in wire, too.
Yes, there is always water there, just the way the boat is designed, these clamps always sit in water.
The point of bonding is so that metals are no longer isolated, be it thru hulls, strainers, rudders, stuffing boxes etc, so that the metals don't create galvanic current between themselves, but instead all have the same potential.
I like the look of the clamps without welds, but even without welds the stainless can erode if not protected by bonding.